Microsoft SQL Server Cheat Sheet
T-SQL essentials for Microsoft SQL Server covering DDL/DML, clustered vs nonclustered indexes, MERGE statements, and query plan analysis.
2 PagesIntermediateMar 2, 2026
T-SQL Basics
Connecting and browsing databases.
sql
-- Connect via sqlcmd-- sqlcmd -S localhost -U sa -P YourPasswordSELECT name FROM sys.databases;USE MyDb;GOSELECT TOP 10 * FROM Users;
DDL, DML & MERGE
Creating tables and upserting rows.
sql
CREATE TABLE Users ( Id INT IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY, Email NVARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE, CreatedAt DATETIME2 DEFAULT SYSUTCDATETIME());INSERT INTO Users (Email) VALUES ('a@b.com');MERGE INTO Users AS targetUSING (SELECT 1 AS Id, 'x@y.com' AS Email) AS srcON target.Id = src.IdWHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET Email = src.EmailWHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (Email) VALUES (src.Email);
Indexes & Query Plans
Index types and inspecting IO cost.
sql
CREATE CLUSTERED INDEX IX_Users_Id ON Users(Id);CREATE NONCLUSTERED INDEX IX_Users_Email ON Users(Email);SET STATISTICS IO ON;SELECT * FROM Users WHERE Email = 'a@b.com';
Core Concepts
Terminology specific to SQL Server.
- Clustered index- determines the physical row order on disk; only one per table
- Nonclustered index- a separate structure with pointers back to the data row
- IDENTITY(seed, increment)- auto-incrementing column, SQL Server's AUTO_INCREMENT equivalent
- T-SQL- Microsoft's SQL dialect adding variables, TRY/CATCH, and control flow
- Schema- a namespace within a database, e.g. dbo.Users
- GO- a batch separator recognized by SSMS/sqlcmd, not part of T-SQL itself
Pro Tip
Use SET STATISTICS IO ON together with the actual (not estimated) execution plan to see real logical page reads — a query can look cheap in the estimated plan while doing far more work than expected.
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