Aliasing

How Does the XOR Swap Technique Work, and Should You Actually Use It?

The XOR swap swaps two integer variables without a temporary variable by applying a = a ^ b, then b = a ^ b, then a = a ^ b, exploiting that XOR-ing a value wi…

Value Semantics vs Reference Semantics

Value semantics means a variable holds an independent copy of data so assigning or passing it duplicates the value, while reference semantics means a variable…

Shallow Copy vs Deep Copy

A shallow copy duplicates an object’s top-level fields but keeps any reference-type fields pointing to the same underlying objects as the original, while a dee…