Protocols
Everything on SkillVeris tagged Protocols — collected across the glossary, study notes, blog, and cheat sheets.
153 resources across 2 libraries
Study Notes(8)
Protocols and Delegation
How @protocol defines interface-like contracts in Objective-C, and how the delegation pattern uses protocols to decouple objects.
Multimethods and Protocols
Explore Clojure's two mechanisms for open, extensible polymorphism — arbitrary-dispatch multimethods and fast, type-based protocols — and learn when to use eac…
Protocols in Elixir
Learn how Elixir protocols provide polymorphism across data types, letting a single function like Enum.map or to_string dispatch differently for lists, maps, a…
Protocols in Swift
Learn how Swift protocols define blueprints of methods and properties that structs, classes, and enums can conform to.
Application Layer Protocols Overview
A survey of the protocols that let applications talk to each other over a network, and how they fit above the transport layer.
FTP and Email Protocols
How FTP moves files using separate control and data connections, and how SMTP, POP3, and IMAP differ for sending and retrieving email.
Routing Protocols
Distinguish distance-vector, link-state, and path-vector routing protocols including RIP, OSPF, and BGP.
Swift Essentials for SwiftUI
The core Swift language features — structs, protocols, closures, optionals, and property wrappers — that every SwiftUI developer needs to be fluent in.
Interview Questions(145)
Protocols vs Interfaces
Protocols and interfaces both define a contract of requirements a type must satisfy, but a protocol (as in Swift or Python) can typically be adopted by value t…
Difference Between TCP and UDP
TCP is a connection-oriented transport protocol that guarantees reliable, ordered, error-checked delivery through a handshake and acknowledgements, while UDP i…
What is the OSI Model?
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes network communication into seven layers — Physical, Data Link, Network…
How Does DNS Work?
DNS (Domain Name System) is the internet’s phonebook: it translates human-readable domain names like example.com into the IP addresses machines use to connect,…
What is an IP Address?
An IP address is a numeric label assigned to every device on a network so it can be uniquely identified and reached — IPv4 uses a 32-bit address written as fou…
What is Subnetting?
Subnetting is the practice of dividing a larger IP network into smaller, logically separated sub-networks (subnets) by borrowing bits from the host portion of…
What is the TCP Three-Way Handshake?
The TCP three-way handshake is the process a client and server use to establish a reliable connection before exchanging data: the client sends a SYN, the serve…
What is a MAC Address?
A MAC (Media Access Control) address is a 48-bit hardware identifier burned into a network interface card by its manufacturer, used to identify a device unique…
What is ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)?
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) maps a known IP address to its corresponding MAC address on a local network, allowing a device to discover the physical hardw…
TCP/IP Model vs OSI Model
The OSI model is a seven-layer conceptual reference used for teaching and troubleshooting, while the TCP/IP model is a four-layer practical model that actually…
What is the Physical Layer (OSI Layer 1)?
The Physical layer is OSI Layer 1 — it defines how raw bits (1s and 0s) are converted into actual signals (electrical voltage, light pulses, or radio waves) an…
What is the Data Link Layer (OSI Layer 2)?
The Data Link layer is OSI Layer 2 — it packages raw bits from the Physical layer into structured frames, adds MAC addresses for local delivery, and detects (t…
What is the Network Layer (OSI Layer 3)?
The Network layer is OSI Layer 3 — it is responsible for logical addressing (IP addresses) and routing, deciding the best path to move a packet from a source h…
What is the Transport Layer (OSI Layer 4)?
The Transport layer is OSI Layer 4 — it manages end-to-end communication between applications on two hosts, using port numbers to distinguish processes and pro…
What is the Session Layer (OSI Layer 5)?
The Session layer is OSI Layer 5 — it establishes, manages, synchronizes, and terminates the communication session between two applications, keeping track of w…
What is the Presentation Layer (OSI Layer 6)?
The Presentation Layer (Layer 6 of the OSI model) is responsible for translating data between the format an application uses and the format sent over the netwo…
What is the Application Layer (OSI Layer 7)?
The Application Layer (Layer 7, the topmost OSI layer) is where network-aware software directly interacts with the user or another program, providing the proto…
What is ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)?
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is a Network-layer protocol used by routers and hosts to send diagnostic and error-reporting messages — such as 'desti…
What is IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol)?
IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) is a Network-layer protocol that hosts and neighboring routers use to establish and manage multicast group membership…
What is SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)?
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is an Application-layer protocol used to monitor and manage network devices — routers, switches, servers, printers —…
What is FTP (File Transfer Protocol)?
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is an application-layer protocol for transferring files between a client and a server over a network, using a separate control con…
What is SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol)?
SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol) is a secure file transfer protocol that runs entirely over a single encrypted SSH connection on port 22, providing file opera…
What is SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)?
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the application-layer protocol used to send and relay email between mail servers, and from a mail client to its outgoin…
What is IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)?
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is an application-layer protocol that lets an email client read and manage messages that remain stored on the mail serv…
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